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57th Congress, \ SENATE. f Document 

Sd Session. J \ No. 197. 



RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 



MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE 
UNITED STATES TRANSMITTING THE 
REPORT OF THE ARCHITECTS. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

I 903. 



'' iJ,-, 



(^ o --1 



'^ 



February 28, 1903.— Read; referred to the Committee on Public 
Buildings and Grounds and ordered to be printed. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page. 
Message of the President of the United States, transmitting the report 

of the architects on the restoration of the White House 5 

Report of Messrs. McKim, Mead & White, architects 7 

Historical Notes on the White House, by Charles Moore 41 

Plates illustrating the History of the White House 47 

Plates from photographs taken during the work of restoration, sum- 
mer of 1902 49 

Plans of the White House and temporary Executive Offices, restora- 
tion of, 1902 51 

Note. — The drawings by Jules Guerin and Alfred Brennan, which appear in the 
text, were loaned by The Century Company. They are reproduced here because they 
give the architectural values more accurately than photographs can. 

3 



MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED 

STATES. 



To the SeJiate and House of Representatives: 

I transmit herewith for the information of the Congress a 
report by the architects, with accompanying pictures, regarding 
the work of repairing and refurnishing the White House and 
tlie erection of the Executive office building. 

Theodore Roosevelt. 
White House, February 28, 190J. 

5 



RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 



REPORT OF MESSRS. McKIM, MEAD & WHITE, 
ARCHITECTS. 



1 60 Fifth Avenue, 
New York, February 25, igoj. 
Sir: The sundry civil appropriation act, approved June 20, 
1902, contained, among other provisions, the following para- 
graphs: 

For a building to accotnmodate the offices of the President, to be 
located in the grounds of the Executive Mansion, and for each and every 
purpose connected therewith, including heating apparatus and light, 
fixtures, furniture, and removal of greenhouses, all to be done according 
to plans the details of which shall be approved by the President and com- 
pleted in every respect within the sum hereby appropriated, J65, 196, to 
be expended by contract or otherwise, in the discretion of the President, 
and to be immediately available; and said building shall be constructed 
with sufficient foundation and walls suitable for a durable, permanent 
building, and of sufficient strength for an additional story when needed. 

For extraordinary repairs and refurnishing of the Executive Mansion 
and for each and every purpose connected therewith, including all neces- 
sary alterations and additions, cabinetwork, decoration of rooms, covered 
ways and approaches, grading, paving, porte-cochere, gates, and electric 
wiring and light fixtures for house and grounds, all to be done according 
to plans, the details of which shall be approved by the President, and 
completed within every detail within the sum hereby appropriated, 
$475, 445, to be immediately available, and to be expended by contract or 
otherwise, in the discretion of and under the direction of the President. 

It was not without many misgivings that we accepted at 
your hands the task of restoring the White House. It was 
not possible to ascertain accurately the amount of work 
to be done and repairs to be made without a more thorough 

7 



8 THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 

examination than was possible, the house being in occupation 
at the time. The condition of the heating, plumbing, and 
electric systems were questions more or less of speculation, and 
the result showed that unexpected items of large expense were 
encountered. 

Again, the time' within which the White House must be 
completed and made ready for reoccupation was only four 
months, with an extension of two months for certain portions 
of the building; and in these four months it was necessary 
to secure the successful cooperation of many different trades. 

It was only after having obtained from the firm of Norcross 
Brothers Company, general contractors, the assurance that they 
were willing to guarantee the completion of their part of the 
work within the time specified by you, that we were embold- 
ened to undertake to solve as best we might the problems 
connected with the rehabilitation of the White House as the 
residence of the President of the United States. 

These problems may be stated briefl}' as follows: 

First. To make the White House structurally sound. 

Second. To relieve the White House of the Executive offices, 
which had so encroached upon the space as to diminish the 
residence portions of the house to an unreasonable and abnormal 
extent. 

Third. To make a rearrangement of the White House 
space so as to permit the comfortable and dignified entertain- 
ment of such number of guests as a house of that size 
might reasonablj- be called upon to accommodate. This was 
perhaps the most imperative as well as the most perplexing 
problem. The perils to health, and even to life itself, of the 
exposure of large numbers of people on the unsheltered north 
portico during occasions of public receptions, the use of a 
window exit, the enforced giving up of a considerable por- 
tion of the main floor to dressing rooms — all these things 
bad combined to bring about a strong demand for some 
change for the better. 



THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 9 

Fourth. To provide the White House with a state dining 
room of dimensions sufficient to enable the President to 
entertain at table on occasion about one hundred guests. 

Fifth. To remove such excrescences as had been allowed to 
accumulate about the White House to the detriment of its fine 
architectural features and its dignity as the home of the 
President of the United States. 

Recognizing the feeling prevalent among the people, j'ou 
stipulated that none of the essential features of the White 
Hou.se should be sacrificed in the restoration; that the nation's 
historic house should be left intact, and that even the state 
rooms should continue to be known by the names made 
familiar by long usage. These limitations — if limitations they 
can be called — were welcomed; because among no class of the 
people was the feeling for the historic White House stronger 
than among the members of the profession of architecture. 
The first aim, therefore, was to discover the design and inten- 
tion of the original builders, and to adhere strictly thereto in 
so far as the public or state portions of the house were con- 
cerned; and then to make the apartments reserved for private 
or family uses comfortable, according to modern requirements 
and standards. 

TEMPORARY EXECUTIVE OFFICES. 

Obviously the first step was to find some place other than 
the White House for the Executive offices. Every sugges- 
tion for the location of a permanent office building was open 
to some objection that seemed insuperable. No location out- 
side the White House grounds could be decided upon and 
secured in the short time available. To construct within 
those grounds a building sufficiently large and imposing to 
stand as permanent offices would be to detract from the White 
House itself so seriously as to be absolutely out of the ques- 
tion. The one possible solution, therefore, was to occupy the 
only available space with a temporary building, which should 





a 

o 






a. 




THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. II 

be comfortable within and inconspicuous in appearance, leav- 
ing Congress at its leisure to take up seriously the question 
of a permanent, adequate, and thoroughly dignified office for 
the Chief Executive. 

The statement made to Congress when the appropriation 
came before the Senate was as follows: 

The problem of the location of a permanent building for the offices of 
the President involves many considerations as to the amount of accommo- 
dation needed and the scope and variety of the functions to be carried on 
in such a building. Provision for temporary quarters for the executive 
offices is comparatively a simple matter. A building of brick, one story 
high, and containing from 50 to 75 per cent more room than the offices 
now occupy, can be constructed in the grounds of the White House 
opposite the entrance to the Navy Department. The building would take 
the place now occupied by a brick wall which screens a number of hot- 
houses and forcing beds for plants, functions which may well be provided 
for elsewhere, in connection with the propagating gardens. 

The temporary building would include: 

1. A Cabinet room. 

2. President's office and retiring room. 

3. Offices for two secretaries. 

4. A telegraph and telephone room. 

5. A large room for the stenographers. 
5. A room for the press. 

7. A main hall to be fitted as a reception room. 

8. File rooms and closets in the basement. 

The cost of the temporary building, including heating appara- 
tus, would be $33, 000 

Electric-light fixtures 2, 196 

Furniture 10, 000 

Removal of greenhouses 10, 000 

Total 55. 196 

Note. — Mr. Cortelyou reports that with the exception of the historic 
Cabinet table and perhaps two or three chairs, none of the furniture 
in 'the present Executive offices is suitable for removal. 

Congress stipulated, that the walls should be sufficient to 
carry a second story, and increa.sed the appropriation by 
$10,000 for this purpose. Accordingly the walls were 



Copyright, 1903, by The Century Co 












THE WEST TERRACE. From a drawing by Jules Gaerin RL'pruduced bj permission oi The 

Company, owners of the copyright. 



THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 13 

strengthened to meet this requirement. It is to be hoped, 
however, that no increase in height will be permitted, because 
of the injur}' that would result to the White House. 

Of the total amount available, $6,000 was assigned to the 
Superintendent of Public Buildings and Grounds for inspection 
and for the removal of the greenhouses. The cost of the 
building alone was $45,126.75, and $14,054.77 was expended 
on furniture, carpets, rugs, electric 'lighting and other fixtures. 
The work began on the approval of the sundrj- civil act, June 
20, 1902, and the building was completed on the 29th day of 
the following September, although it was not occupied until 
about the middle of October, the postponement being made 
for the purpose of securing perfect drjdng. 

GENERAL CONDITIONS AT THE WHITE HOUSE. 

The appropriations for the restoration of the White House 
were based on the following summary of conditions and propo- 
sitions for betterment, as submitted to the Committees on Appro- . 
priations of Congress: 

The preliminary examination of the White House shows that the por- 
tion devoted to the President's offices is in an unsafe condition and that 
radical steps should be taken to relieve the beams from the weight they 
have carried too many j'ears. Also, that in order to put the house into 
shape for occupancy under modern requirements, bathrooms, etc., mu.st 
be provided in the various suites of chambers. The original house was 
built simply, and was well built, considering the limited amount of money 
then available for public buildings in Washington; but the changes that 
have been made from time to time have resulted in a medley of styles, 
none of which is of a permanent character. 

It is useless to expect to secure a harmonious structure by doing over 
any one portion of the house. If the work is to be done at all, the entire 
house should be treated as a single problem; and while some of the rooms 
require very little attention, the public rooms must be made over. For 
example, it would not be possible to restore the corridor. East Room, and 
State Dining Room without at the same time restoring the connecting 
rooms. 

The preliminary survey contemplated merely putting the house in order 
and making it safe. There was no consideration given at that time to 



14 THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 

more ample provision for large dinners and for accommodations for the 
large public receptions. A study of the historic White House, however, 
and the discovery in the Library of Congress of old prints and plans of the 
house, shows that by a return to the original design the White House 
can be put into such a condition that it will serve every use intended for 
many years to come, and that the increased demands for room in the 
house can be met in a dignified and satisfactory manner at a cost which is 
small when compared with the cost either of a new residence or of addi- 
tions to the present building, both of which projects are objectionable 
from many points of view. 

The original plans for the White House show porticoes on the west and 
on the east, extending 150 feet from the main building. These porticoes 
contained servant quarters, the laundry, storerooms, and house offices 
generally. The western portico remains, and forms a foundation for the 
present conservatory. These porticoes are at the garden level on the 
south, while on the north the roofs reach only to the level of the drive- 
way. Unfortunately the space south of the western portico has been filled 
by glass houses for plants, and much of the room in the portico has 
been used for potting plants and like work. Architecturally this portico 
is finelj' constructed, with a row of dignified stone columns supporting 
• the roof. The vaulting and general construction show that the portico 
was considered an integral portion of the house, and by reason of having a 
southern exposure the rooms therein are very desirable. 

The restoration of the west portico to its original uses and the replacing 
of the east portico will relieve the main building of a number of the 
domestic offices and make available for public purposes more than half of 
the garden floor (now known as the basement). On occasions of large 
receptions carriages would enter the grounds at a point near the fountain, 
opposite the west front of the Treasury building. Alighting under a 
porte-cochere, the people, protected from the weather, would walk under 
an arcade to the house proper. Entering at the doors under the East 
Room, they would find ample dressing rooms at the right and left. 

After the removal of the pipes which are now hung from the ceiling the 
corridor would be both ample in size and dignified in appearance. From 
this corridor a stone stairway 15 feet wide would lead to the main floor, 
which would all be available for receptions. The elimination of exposure 
on the front portico and the doing away with the undignified crush 
occasioned by turning the main hall into a dressing room on reception 
occasions are the advantages to be gained by the change. 

On leaving a reception 500 people could be sheltered under the east 
portico while waiting for their carriages, and the porte-cochere would be 



THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 1 5 

sufficient to allow the approach of three carriages at a time. In this con- 
nection it may be noted that a separate entrance and separate dressing 
rooms under the Blue Room are provided for special guests, thus avoiding 
confusion on occasions of ceremony. 

The elimination of the Executive offices from the White House gives an 
opportunity to rearrange the house as a residence for the President. The 
President retains a room in which he would see callers at hours when he 
is not in his office. The main hall becomes a spacious and dignified 
reception room. The East Room is to be rebuilt, the floors made safe, 
and a new plan of decoration adopted. By the removal of the present 
private staircase the State Diniag Room will be enlarged by about 60 per 
cent of its present size, and the problem of giving large dinners will be 
solved for a number of years to come. 

The principles on which the restoration would be done are these: 

To put the house in the condition originally planned but never fully 
carried out. 

To make the changes in such manner that the house will never again 
have to be altered; that is to say, the work should represent the period to 
which the house belongs architecturally, and therefore be independent of 
changing fashion. 

To modernize the house in so far as the living rooms are concerned and 
provide all those conveniences which now are lacking. 

Provided work begins on June 12, the living portions of the house 
and the office building can be ready for occupancy October i and the 
remaining portions of the house can be ready by December i. This can 
be guaranteed. 

COST OT RESTORATION. 

Estimated upset cost of alterations and additions, necessary to 
complete the exterior and interior of the White House (main 

building), exclusive of the finish of the subjoined rooms $143, 000 

Upset cost of cabinet work and decoration of rooms above referred 
to, viz, hall, familj' dining room. State Dining Room, Red 

Room, Blue Room, Green Room, and East Room 60; 500 

Restoration of west wing (alterations and additions) 22, 550 

Restoration of east wing (new), complete 77, 000 

Public entrance and approaches, gates, porte-cochere, and grat- 
ing, as indicated on plans 22, 000 

Electric-light fixtures for house and grounds (memorandum 

attached) 18, 895 

Total 343. 945" 

S. Doc. 197 2 



Copyright, 1903, by The Century Co. 




THE WEST TERRACE. From a drawing by Jule.s (iueriii. Kepruiliucd bv permission of Tlie Cencuiy 

Company, owners of the copyright. 
j6 



THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 1 7 

To this estimate Congress added $131,500 for furnishings, 
making the total appropriation available for the restoration of 
the White House $475,445. 

STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS IN THE WHITE HOUSE. 

On making as careful an examination of the White House as 
was possible while the house was occupied, it was found that 
the entire lower floor was used for house service. The prin- 
cipal rooms at the northeast corner were occupied by the 
laundry; the central rooms on either side of the main corridor 
were used for the heating and mechanical plants; the kitchens 
occupied the northwest corner; and much of the remainder of 
this floor was occupied by storerooms and servants' bedrooms. 

Of the floors of the first story those under the main hall, 
the private dining room, and pantry, were found to be in good 
condition. The floor under the central portion of the East 
Room showed marked settlement, due to over-loading and to 
hanging heating coils to the ceiling underneath. The base of 
the room gave evidence of the settlement of the floor, and the 
same was true in the Green and the Blue rooms. The floor 
of the State Dining Room, while not showing settlement, 
was so insufficiently supported as to cause the dishes on the 
sideboards to rattle when the waiters were serving, and the 
plastering below was badly cracked from excessive vibration. 

At large receptions, when potted plants were brought in 
from the greenhouses, and when the house was filled with 
people, it was the custom to put shores under the floors of 
the East Room, the State Dining Room, and the main hall 
at both ends for safety. 

The fine, groined arches of the basement had been cut into 
in all directions to accommodate heating and plumbing pipes. 
These old vaulted ceilings are of brick and stone." 

»In many places, wliere the plaster was removed, evidences of the fire 
of 1814 were plainlj' visible. Also cut into the stonework were found 
many names, evidently of workmen employed on the construction. 



l8 THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 

The heating chamber, which contained the coils of the heat- 
ing apparatus, had been built into the main corridor. The 
fresh-air duct and the heat mains were suspended from the 
corridor ceiling, the masonry arches having been cut away in 
consequence. The whole ground floor was in bad condition; 
there was about it a general air of dilapidation, and the wood- 
work particularly was out of repair. 

There was scarcely a room in the house in which the plaster 
was in good condition. In a number of instances as many as 
five layers of paper were found, and when the paper was 
removed the plaster came also. 

The second floor .showed such a degree of settlement as to 
make an entire new floor necessary. The floors of the rooms 
heretofore devoted to the offices, also the library, were so 
insufficient that steel beams were required. 

The enlargement of the State Dining Room by the removal 
of the north wall of the room which wall carried the floor 
beams of the upper stories, made it necessary to build a heavy 
steel truss in the attic, from which the second floor is suspended. 

The attic, occupied by servants, was reached only by the 
elevator. It is true that from the attic there was a narrow 
winding stairway leading to a mezzanine floor adjacent to the 
elevator; and from this mezzanine floor a swinging iron ladder 
let down from a trapdoor directly in front of the elevator — a 
most dangerous arrangement in case of fire. 

The roof drainage had been carried through the roof, and 
thence on top of the attic floor to central points, descending to 
the ground through the house itself. The conductors were 
troughs hollowed out of logs. These troughs have been replaced 
with wrought-iron pipes, carried down along the external walls. 
The roof itself, which, under a fresh coat of paint, appeared in 
good condition, was found to be in such bad shape as to require 
almost entire renewal. 

At first it was thought that the old heating apparatus could 
remain, at least in large part. Upon further examination, 



THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 1 9 

however, it was found that only by the removal of all the 
duct work and heating coils, which were suspended from the 
ceiUngs throughout the ground floor, could this floor be 
made available for any uses other than those of service. The 
removal of ducts, etc., involved lowering the boiler and placing 
all pipes and ducts in trenches under the floor. The change 
necessitated a large unexpected expenditure, but in return the 
finely proportioned room under the Blue Room has become 
a reception room for guests of honor, and ample dressing-room 
accommodations not only for these guests but for all the 
guests at public receptions have been added. 

The electric wiring was not only old, defective, and obsolete, 
but actually dangerous, as in many places beams and studding 
were found charred for a considerable distance about the wires 
where the insulation had completely worn off. Where wires 
have been carried through wood joists a porcelain insulating 
tube is usually placed through the beam and the wire threaded 
through that, but in the White House, in very many cases, 
the only protection was the insulation on the wire itself, and 
that had been worn off by contact with the rough timber. 
The entire wiring system is now in accordance with the very 
best modern practice, all wires being run inside wrought-iron 
pipes, so that if at any future time the wires should be burnt 
out or in anj' way damaged they can be withdrawn and new 
ones put in without causing the slightest damage. New 
cables and conduits were also carried across the street to the 
State, War and Navy Building. These were not contem- 
plated; and there was no appropriation for work beyond 
grounds. This was a very costly item. Not only was one 
new conduit put in, but the old one was repaired and practi- 
cally made new, leakage having caused the breaking down 
of the original cables running through it. 

A new standpipe with fire hose, has been provided, running 
from the ground floor to the attic and carried outside the house 
to a point which is accessible to the city fire department, so that 



20 THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 

in case of fire the attic of the house has the same protection as 
a modern office building. 

The old filter, though of good t3'pe, was too small, and has 
been replaced by one of much greater capacity. The old 
filter has been placed in the office building. 

Trees for the East and West terraces have been purchased by 
contract and will be in place not later than Maj' first. 

In short, it was necessary to reconstruct the interior of the 
White House from basement to attic, in order to secure comfort, 
safety, and necessary sanitarj' conditions. A fair idea of the 
extent to which it was necessarj' to carry the work of recon- 
struction maj^ be seen by reference to the plates accompanying 
this report. 

THE GROUND FLOOR. 

The East and West terraces are first found on a plan 
drawn by L,atrobe in 1807." The West Terrace had degen- 
erated into workshops connected with the numerous greenhouses 
that had been constructed from time to time in such manner 
as not only to take away from it light and air, but entirely to 
conceal it. The East Terrace was removed some time prior 
to 1870. This terrace has been rebuilt in a substantial man- 
ner, with the addition of a porte-cochere opposite the Treasury 
Department. In excavating for the new terrace wing the 
foundations of the old one were discovered. A semicircular 
drive leads to this new entrance, which now is used on all 
occasions of large entertainments. The porte-cochere, which 
is glassed-in during the winter, is flanked by watchmen's 
quarters, thus doing away with the small wooden pavilion in 
the grounds. The East Terrace is occupied by coatrooms con- 
taining boxes for 2,500 wraps, umbrella stands, and other con- 
veniences, thus doing away with the necessity of pressing into 
sendee as cloakrooms the main hall and the State and Private 
dining rooms. 

In the house proper, more than one-half of the lower floor is 



'' See plates illustrating tlie history of the White House. 



THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 21 

given up to dressing rooms, with toilet rooms attached, con- 
veniences heretofore entirely lacking. The removal of the 
pipes from the corridor gives a spacious passageway, dignified 
by the fine architectural features constructed by Hoban. 
Decorated with portraits and plants, and furnished with sofas 
and large chairs, this corridor is made comfortable for those 
who wish to wait for an opportunity to enter the line formed 
for the receptions. 

A stone floor has been laid, and a broad and easy flight of 
stone stairs leads to the main floor of the house. The kitchens 
have not been changed materially, but a new refrigerating room 
and many other conveniences have been added. 

The West Terrace wing now accommodates the laundry and 
ironing rooms, the maids' dining room, and separate quarters for 
men and women servants, with ample toilet arrangements of 
the most approved pattern. 

The removal of the greenhouses, besides adding materially 
to the healthfulness of the White House, has restored to the 
south front of the building that sense of dignity of which dur- 
ing the past forty years it had been deprived by the various 
encroachments. The fine colonnades on the south fronts of the 
terraces, now restored, once more give to the White House the 
long base from which the main structure rises with great archi- 
tectural effect. 

THE MAIN FLOOR. 

The main floor is devoted to what may be termed the state 
apartments, as opposed to the rooms given over to the family 
life of the President's household. The only family room on this 
floor is the Private Dining Room, and even to this the public 
has access on formal occasions. Every room on this floor has 
■ been completely remade and refurnished. 



THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 23 

THE HALL. 

The floor and the base of the wainscot of the main hall 
and corridor are of Joliet stone, the floor being waxed. The 
walls and ceiling have been replastered and redecorated, the 
colors being buff and white. Six columns take the place 
formerly occupied by the colored glass screen. Two large 
tubs of Istrian stone, filled with plants, fill the spaces between 
the columns on 'either side of the central opening. Two 
mirrors reaching from the floor to the ceiling occupy portions 
of the east and west wall space; and it is suggested that as 
soon as may be practicable replicas of Houdin's statue of 
Washington, at Richmond, and of Saint Gaudens's statue of 
Lincoln, at Chicago, be placed in front of these mirrors. The 
general effect of such treatment is shown in the accompanying 
plates. 

Bronze standards carrying clusters of electric lights, and a 
bronze lantern, furnish the light for this room; and a bronze 
and glass vestibule offers protection to the ushers at the least 
expense of light. The curtains, and the rug, 70 feet in length, 
which carpets the corridor from the doors of the State Dining 
Room to those of the East Room, are deep crimson in color. 

Directly beneath the lantern, the President's seal appears 
in yellow bronze inlaid in the stone floor, and the pave- 
ment between the central columns carries in bronze the dates 
1792-1902, inscribed in an ellipse of forty-five stars. 

THE RED ROOM. 
The changes made in the State Dining Room necessitated 
the removal of the two marble mantels that are contemporary 
with the house itself. Exquisitelj^ carved in London and im- 
ported with others purchased for the Capitol, these mantels 
were almost the only historic furnishings in the White House 
at the time when the restoration began. Too small for the 
spaces where they were placed, they now become the chief 
ornaments of the Red and the Green rooms, respectively. 
The wainscoting of the Red Room is in white enamel and 



Copyright, 1903, by The Centi-ry Co. 




THE MANTEL IN THE RED ROOM. Drawn by Alfred Brenuan. 



THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 25 

there is a new cornice. The wall covering and the curtains 
are of red velvet, and the furniture is upholstered in red 
damask." There is a crystal chandelier and side lights; new 
andirons, a new mirror between the windows, and an antique rug. 

THE BLUE ROOM. 

Rarely beautiful in its proportions, the Blue Room has been 
made notable by the events that have taken place within its 
walls; and in the changes particular emphasis has been placed 
on this room. The mantel is of pure white marble, the shelf 
being supported on bundles of arrows carved in white mar- 
ble with bronze tips and feathers; the wainscoting is in white 
enamel; the wall covering is of heavy, corded blue silk, on 
which is embroidered at top and bottom the Grecian fret; the 
curtain hangings, of the same material as the wall covering, 
are embroidered with stars, and the curtain poles are sur- 
mounted bj' gilt eagles. The Grecian fret appears also in 
the ceiling. The furniture is in white and gold, upholstered 
in blue and gold. 

Blind doors ha-^-e been cut in the walls near the. southern end 
of the room , and at receptions the guests coming from the Red 
Room pass the receiving party standing in a single line directly 
in front of the windows. The guests especially invited to 
share the Blue Room with the receiving partj^ now face the 
President instead of being at his back as formerly, and a silken 
cord stretched across the room from door to door insures 
freedom of passage for the guests while being presented. ■ 

THE GREEN ROOM. 

The wall covering and curtains of green velvet are copied 
from an old piece of Genoese velvet; the marble console table 
shares with the mantel the distinction of age and grace; the 
furniture — upholstered in tapestry — the rug, the mirror, the 
andirons, the crystal chandelier and side lights, all are new. 

a A cabinet, console table, and two small tables of mahogany are the 
gift of the manufacturers, Messrs. Retting & Sweet, of Grand Rapids, 
Michigan. 



Copyright, 1903, by The Centurv Co. 




THE RED ROOM. Drawn by Alfred Brenuan. 



Copyright, 1903,' by The Century Co, 




THE RED ROOM. Drawn by Alfred Brennan. 



28 THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 

THE EAST ROOM. 

The walls of the East Room are covered with wood paneling, 
enameled; the ornamental ceiling is done in stucco, and set in 
the walls are twelve low relief panels by Piccirilli Brothers, 
sculptors, the subjects being taken from ^sop's fables. On 
each the east and west sides of the room are two mantels of 
colored marble, with mirrors over them and candelabra on the 
shelves. Three crystal chandeliers form constituent parts of 
the decoration, as do also the four bronze standards bearing 
electric lights, which are placed at the four corners of the 
room. The window draperies are of heavy yellow silk damask; 
the banquettes are gilded and car\'ed and are covered with silk 
velours, and there are four new console tables with marble tops. 
In this room, as in the other rooms on the drawing-room floor 
(except in the hall, where stone is used), hardwood floors have 
been laid, and wainscots have been introduced, of which the 
lower member has been made of marble of suitable color. The 
concert grand piano, decorated by Dewing, is the gift of 
the makers." 

THE STATE DINING ROOM. 

By removing the partition and including the western end of the 
corridor, the State Dining Room has been enlarged by over 60 
per cent, and instead of accommodating between fifty and sixty 
guests at table, one hundred and seven can be seated comfortably. 
A stone chimney-piece, with an antique fire set, has been added. 
The walls are paneled from floor to ceiling in oak, richlj' carved; 
the chandelier and wall branches are of silver, and heads of 
American game are used around the frieze. The ceiling, in 
stucco, is elaborately decorated. There is an India carpet in 
solid color; the table and sideboards are of mahogany, and the 
chairs are upholstered in tapestry. The draperies are in green 

« Messrs. Steinway & Sons. 



30 THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 

velvet. Two tapestries, one bearing a text from Virgil's VIII 

Eclogue," are of Flemish workmanship of the seventeenth 

century. 

THE TERRACES. 

From the State Dining Room, as also from the East Room, 
windows open on the restored terraces, which are to be orna- 
mented with suitable trees and fountains, and made comfortable 
with garden chairs and tables. These two garden-like spaces, 
i6o by 35 each, not only restore the area formerly occupied 
by the conservatory, but double it in extent. 

THE FAMILY DINING ROOM. 

A vaulted ceiling and wall paneling in plaster, a new marble 
mantel, a wainscoting in white enamel, a mirror copied from 
one belonging to the White House period, a mahogany table, 
chairs, and sideboard, all made from special designs, are 
features of the private dining room. 

THE BUTI^ER'S PANTRY. 

A mezzanine story has been added, and all dressers and 
interior fixtures have been entirely renewed, the storage space 
now being more than double what it was before the altera- 
tions were made. An electric plate warmer has been provided, 
and a new electric dumb-waiter running from the kitchen to 
the mezzanine story of the butler's pantry; also new venti- 
lating apparatus. 

THE USHER'S EOBBY. 

This room has been entirely renewed and refitted with new 
wainscot, wall covering, floor, rug, furniture, and curtains. 

THE PRIVATE STAIRCASE AND ELEVATOR. 

Extending from basement to attic is a marble and iron stair- 
case and an electric elevator running up through a fireproof 

« " Nysa is given in marriage to Mopsus! What may not we lovers ex- 
pect? GriflSns now shall mate with horses and in the succeeding age the 
timorous does shall come to drink with dogs. Begin with me, my flute 



Copyright, 1903, by The Century Cp. 




THE FAMILY DINING ROOM. Drawn by Alfred Brennan. 
S. Doc, 197 3 



Copyright, 1903, by The Century Co. 




THE STATE DINING ROOM. Drawn by Alfred Brennan. 



Copyright, 1 903, by The Century Co. 




THE STATE DINING ROOM. Drawn by Alfred Brennan. 



33 



Copyright, 1903, by The Century Co. 




THE PRESIDENT'S STUDY (formerly the Cabinet Room). Drawn by Alfred Brennan. 



THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 35 

hall. In connection with the elevator it is interesting to 
note that a part of the oak woodwork in the new elevator- 
car was made from roof trusses of the Old South Church in 
Boston, which in its day sheltered the Boston Tea Party. 
Mr. Norcross had had the timbers in his yard since the time 
he replaced the old roof of the church with a new one. 

THE MAIN STAIRWAY. 

The main stairway to the second story is of Joliet stone, and 
consists of a broad flight from the main floor to the landing, 
where it divides into two flights. The railing is of forged iron 
and brass, with hand rail covered with velvet. A double 
gate of wrought iron, which rolls back into pockets in the 
walls, has been placed at the foot of the staircase. Above 
the landing the walls are paneled and painted. 

THE FAMILY FLOOR. 

Originally it was the intention not to touch any of the bed- 
rooms except those over the East Room. It was found, 
however, that the electric wiring was in such bad condition 
that it would have to be entirely renewed. It then became 
necessary to cut the plaster in all of the rooms in order to get 
in the new electric ducts. This made it essential to repaint 
or decorate every room. 

The space once given up to Executive clerks was made into 
two suites of bedrooms, each suite having its separate bath- 
room. A low wood wainscoting and new wood mantels were 
placed in the four large bedrooms and a new marble mantel " 
in the President's study (formerly known as the Cabinet 
Room). The new floors are of white maple. In the four 

Maenalian strains. Neopsus, cut fresh nuptial torches: for a wife is on 
the point of being brought home." — Translation by A. Hamilton Bryce, 
LL. D., F. R. S. E. 

«This mantel bears the following inscription: 

This room was first used for meetings of the Cabinet during 

THE administration OF PRESIDENT JOHNSON. IT CONTINUED TO BE 

so used until the year mcmii. here the treaty of peace with 
Spain was signed. 



Copyright, 1903, by The Centuky Co. 




THE MAIN STAIRWAY FROM THE LANDING, SHOWING THE DOOR OF THE PRESIDENT'S STUDY. 

Drawn by Alfred Brennan. 



THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 37 

large bed-rooms the new wood mantels, the wainscoting, and 
the wood paneling are all very simple in character. 

New furniture has been provided for the four new rooms 
over the East Room, while for the remaining rooms on this 
floor the old furniture has been used, but has been re-covered 
with materials to match the new curtains which have been pro- 
vided for all rooms excepting the Library. New electric-light 
fixtures have been provided, as it was found that with very few 
exceptions the old fixtures were not fit to use again. New 
carpets have been laid in the rooms over the East Room and in 
the President's study, and the old carpets have been recut and 
made up for the remaining rooms. All the bathrooms have 
been finished with marble floors and tiled walls, and the fixtures 
are of the best. 

In connection with the second-floor rooms, it should be noted 
that the large increase in the cost of the electric wiring and 
heating plants, amounting to some $13,000, which at the 
beginning could not have been foreseen, made it necessary to 
cut down the amounts allowed for interior finish, furniture, and 
decoration by a like amount. 

On your instructions the structural parts and the finish of 
the public rooms of the drawing-room floor were made the first 
consideration, and for this rea,son new furniture and carpets 
were provided for only the new bedrooms over the East Room. 
The lyibrary, which is the family living room, has scarcely been 
touched; in fact, nothing was done excepting what was abso- 
lutely necessary to make good after the new electric wiring of 
the room. In the President's study the walls are covered with 
plain buckram, and new bookshelves of the simplest character 
have been provided. 

The corridor walls have been covered with burlap, and the 
ceilings and woodwork have been painted. 

EXTERIOR IMPROVEMENTS. 

The old iron balustrade has been removed from the north 
front of the White House, and has been replaced by a stone 



38 THB RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 



balustrade. The lanterns which disfigured the great columns 
of the north portico have been removed, and that portico is 
now lighted by a single bronze lantern suspended from the roof 
of the portico. 

Copyright, 1903, by The Century Co. ^^ important point 

is the new sj^stem of 
service. Under the 
old conditions the 
butchers' and bakers' 
wagons drove up to 
the north front of the 
house on the level of 
the main floor, and 
supplies were carried 
down the area steps 
and into the building 
in that way. Under 
present conditions all 
supplies enter at the 
east entrance on the 
ground -floor level, 
the wagons driving 
through under the 
north portico and 
never coming into 
view. When the tem- 
porary ofiBce building 
Drawing by Alfred gijall be removed the 
service may be improved still further by constructing a passage- 
way for wagons from the east side of the grounds to the west 
at the garden level. 

CONCLUSION. 

As has been stated above, the Executive offices were finished 
on September 30 and occupied about the middle of October. 
The family floor of the White House was reoccupied on 




THE MAIN STAIRWAY GRILL. 
Brennan. 



THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 39 

November 4; on December 18 the first official function, a 
Cabinet dinner, took place in the restored White House; and 
on January i, 1903, the East Terrace was used for the first 
time, a full month in advance of the date set for the com- 
pletion of this portion of the work. 

The changes have been made within the appropriations of 
Congress, and a balance of $7,906.10 is available for additional 
furnishings. A detailed account of the expenditures has been 
submitted through the office of Public Buildings and Grounds, 
and all accounts have been adjusted. 

We feel that there is due from us to the various interests 
involved in the work an expression of our appreciation of their 
cordial cooperation. Especially is this due to Mr. O. W. Nor- 
cross for his untiring efforts, and for the faithful and compe- 
tent direction of his superintendent, Mr. S. F. French, who 
have made possible the completion of the restoration of the 
White House within an extraordinaril}' short period of time. 

The details connected with the execution of so extensive a 
work within so short a time has made necessary very fre- 
quent consultations on our part with the President and those 
acting for him. For the time so freely given, and for the 
confidence, the support, and the direction received, we beg 
leave to express grateful appreciation. 

We have the honor to be, sir. 
Very respectfully yours, 

McKiM, Mead & White. 

The President of the United States. 



HISTORICAL NOTES ON THE WHITE HOUSE. 



41 



Copyright, 1903, by The Century Co. 




DECORATION OVEK PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE, EAST EOU.M. Drawn by Alfred Brennan. 

HISTORICAL NOTES ON THE WHITE HOUSE. 



The site of the White House was selected by President 
Washington and Major Peter Charles L' Enfant when they laid 
out the Federal City in 1791. The Capitol and the President's 
House were the cardinal features in the composition designed 
by ly'Enfant for the orderly, dignified, and effective location of 
public buildings. In the scheme for the development of the 
city of Washington, "now building for the metropolis of 
the United States, ' ' it was published to the world that ' ' the 
President's House will stand upon a rising ground, not far 
from the banks of the Potomac, affording a fine water prospect, 
with a view of the Capitol" and some other material parts of 
the city. Due south from the President's House and due west 
from the Capitol run two pleasure parks or malls, which inter- 
sect and terminate on the banks of the Potomac, and are- 
ornamented at the sides by a variety of elegant buildings, 
houses for foreign ministers," etc.* 

« This view was shut off by the extension of the Treasury Building to 
the south. 

'J Walker's Universal Gazetteer, 1797, Dublin, Ireland, quoted in Pictures 
of the City of Washington in the Past, by Samuel C. Busey, M. D., LL. D., 
Washington, 1898, pages 122-124. For the proposed adaptation of these 
early plans to the conditions now prevailing see Senate Report No. 166, 
Fifty-seventh Congress, first session. 

43 



44 THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 

The architect of the White House was James Hoban, a 
native of Dubhn, Ireland, whose plans were selected as the 
result of a competition which closed on Jul}' 15, 1792. 
Hoban 's design called for a central building with wings; 
but his original drawings have been lost, and only the plans 
for the main building remain. Hoban superintended both 
the erection of the White House and its restoration after it 
was burned by the British in 18 14." The corner stone was 
laid October 13, 1792. Funds for the original construction 
of the building came from the sale of lots in the Federal 
City and from the moneys furnished by Maryland and Vir- 
ginia for the construction of Government buildings. The 
house was first occupied by President and Mrs. John Adams 
in November, 1800. The first appropriation from the Treas- 
urjr for the White House was one of $15,000, made April 
24, 1800, to provide furniture; and the first appropriation for 
repairs was one of like amount, made on March 3, 1807. 

President Jefferson had his office outside the White House 
on the site occupied b}' the present Executive offices; and in 
18 19 Congress appropriated $8,137 for enlarging "the ofiices 
west of the President's House." The South Portico was 
finished subsequent to 1823, at a cost of $19,000; the East 
Room was finished and furnished by virtue of an appropria- 
tion of $25,000 made in 1826; and three years later the 
North Portico was added, in accordance with the original plan, 
at an expense of $24,769.25. The White House was first 
lighted by gas in 1848; and a system of heating and venti- 
lating was installed in 1853. Four years later the stables 
and conservatory east of the White House were removed to 
make room for the extension of the Treasury Building. 

The refurnishing of the White House after the war of 18 12 
was completed in 18 18, at an expense of $50,000; and the 
average annual expense for furnishing during the first seventy 
years of the occupancy of the house was $6,000. 



a History of the United States Capitol, by Glenn Brown, Volume I, 
page 94. 



THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 45 

The date at which the East and West terraces were added to 
the White House is uncertain, but probably they were com- 
pleted during President Jefferson's Administration. The West 
Terrace was used as the support of a greenhouse probably in 
1857, and the East Terrace Was removed some time prior to 
1870. In excavating for the new terrace the foundations of 
the old one were discovered. 

The most definite description of the White House as it existed 
during its earlier days is to be found in American Scenery, 
published in Eondon in 1840, and edited by N. P. Willis, who 
writes as follows: 

The residence of the Chief Magistrate of the United States resembles 
the country seat of an English nobleman, in its architecture and size; but 
it is to be regretted that the parallel ceases when we come to the grounds. 
By itself it is a commodious and creditable building, serving its purpose 
without too much state for a republican country, yet likely, as long as the 
country exists without primogeniture and rank, to be sufficiently superior 
to all other dwelling houses to mark it as the residence of the nation's 
chief. 

The President's House stands near the center of an area of some 20 
acres, occupying a very advantageous elevation, open to the view of the 
Potomac and about 44 feet above high water, and possessing from its bal- 
cony one of the loveliest prospects in our country — the junction of the 
two branches of the Potomac which border the District and the swelling 
and varied shores beyond of the States of Maryland and Virginia. The 
building is 170 feet front and 86 deep and is built of white freestone, with 
Ionic pilasters, comprehending two lofty stories, with a stone balustrade. 
The north front is ornamented with a portico sustained by four Ionic 
columns, with three columns of projection, the outer intercolumniation 
affording a shelter for carriages to drive under. The garden front on the 
river (presented in the drawing)" is varied by what is called a rusticated 
basement story, in the Ionic style, and by a semicircular projecting 
colonnade of six columns, with two spacious and airy flights of steps 
leading to a balustrade on the level of the principal story. 

The interior of the President's House is well disposed and possesses one 
superb reception room and two oval drawing-rooms (one in each story) of 
very beautiful proportions. The other rooms are not remarkable, and 
there is an inequality in the furniture of the whole house (owing to the 

« See plates. 



46 THE RESTORATION OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 

unwillingness and piecemeal manner with which Congress votes any 
moneys for its decoration) which destroys its effect as a comfortable 
dwelling. The oval rooms are carpeted with Gobelin tapestry, worked 
with the national emblems, and are altogether in a more consistent style 
than the other parts of the house. It is to be hoped that Congress will 
not always consider the furniture of the President's House as the 
scapegoat of all sumptuary and aristocratic sins, and that we shall 
soon be able to introduce strangers not only to a comfortable and 
well-appointed, but to a properly served and nicely kept. Presidential 
Mansion. 

Since 1870 the White House has been redecorated and re- 
furnighed frequently, according to the taste of the times and 
within the limits of annual appropriations varying from $10,000 
$30,000. Until 1902 the sums available have never been suf- 
ficient to accomplish a thorough reconstruction. 

Referring to the recent changes at the White House the 
President in his latest message to the Congress saj's: 

Through a wise provision of the Congress at its last session the White 
House, which had become disfigured by incongruous additions and 
changes, has now been restored to what it was planned to be by 
Washington. In making the restorations the utmost care has been 
exercised to come as near as possible to the early plans and to supple- 
ment these plans by a careful study of such buildings as that of the 
University of Virginia, which was built by Jefferson. The White House 
is the property of the nation, and so far as is compatible with living 
therein it should be kept as it originally was, for the same reasons that 
we keep Mount Vernon as it originally was. The stately simplicity of 
its architecture is an expression of the character of the period in which 
it was built, and is in accord with the purposes it was designed to serve. 
It is a good thing to preserve such buildings as historic monuments which 
keep alive our sense of continuity. with the nation's past. 



PLATES ILLUSTRATING THE HISTORY 
OF THE WHITE HOUSE. 



S. Doc. 197 4 47 




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PLAN OF THE PRINCIPAL STORY IN 1803. 
Drawn by B. Henry Latrobe, Superintendent of Public Buildings, 1807. 



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PLAN OF THE PRINCIPAL STORY AS PROPOSED TO BE ALTERED. 
B. Henry Latrobe, 1807. 




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PLATES FROM PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN DURING 

THE WORK OF RESTORATION, 

SUMMER OF 1902. 



49 




THE PRIVATE HALL, JULY 16, 1902. 




THE RED ROOM, JULY 17, 1902. 




UNDER THE BLUE ROOM, JULY 20, 1902. 




EAST ROOM FROM SECOND STORY, JULY 20, 1902. 




THE KITCHEN, AUGUST 7, 1902. 




PRIVATE STAIRWAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 1902. 




SERVICE STAIRWAY, SEPTEMBER 25, 1902. 




PRIVATE DINING ROOM, SEPTEMBER 25, 1902. 



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THE STATE DINING ROOM, DETAIL. 




THE STATE DINING ROOM FIREPLACE. 




THE EAST ROOM, MAIN ENTRANCE. 



PLANS OF THE WHITE HOUSE AND TEMPORARY 
EXECUTIVE OFFICES, RESTORATION OF 1902. 



51 



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